KERKHOF, Kompleks Makam Belanda dan Pimpinan Gereja Katolik Bangka, Belitung dan Riau

Akhmad Elvian DPMP., ECH 19 February 2025 167
KERKHOF

Makam Belanda (Kerkhof) di Jl. Hormen Maddati, Pangkalpinang

Penulis: Dato’ Akhmad Elvian, DPMP., ECH.
Sejarawan Penerima Anugerah Kebudayaan Indonesia.

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Terdapat dua kompleks makam di Kota Pangkalpinang yang dalam bahasa Belanda disebut Kerkhof. Satu kompleks makam terletak di Jalan Hormen Maddati, dan satu kompleks makam lagi terletak di kompleks bruderan Budi Mulia Jalan Solihin GP (dulu Jalan Selan Pangkalpinang), tepatnya di belakang Rumah Sakit Katolik (RSK) Bakti Wara (sekarang bernama Primaya Hospital Bhakti Wara), atau pada sisi utara gedung baru Gereja St. Bernadeth Pangkalpinang. Kompleks makam ini juga sering disebut terletak di Jalan Salib Bukit Golgota Pangkalpinang.

Kerkhof atau makam di kompleks bruderan Budi Mulia adalah makam pimpinan gereja Katolik Bangka, Belitung dan Riau, Mgr. Vitus Bouma ss.cc, para Imam dan bruder Budi Mulia berkebangsaan Belanda yang ditahan pemerintahan Facisme Jepang, Bangka Belitung Gunseibu pada tanggal 10 April 1942 Masehi serta makam para bruder Budi Mulia yang meninggal dunia pada tanggal 24 Oktober 1966 Masehi karena kapal yang mereka tumpangi karam dekat perairan Toboali, wilayah Bangka Selatan. 

Pada masa kekuasaan Jepang di pulau Bangka, para pemimpin agama Katolik tersebut dimasukkan di kamp tahanan di Pangkalpinang, selanjutnya pada bulan Mei tahun 1944 Masehi, mereka dipindahkan ke kamp tahanan di Kota Muntok dan pada bulan Maret tahun 1945 Masehi dipindahkan ke kamp tahanan di Belalau, Lubuk Linggau. Pimpinan gereja Katolik Bangka, Belitung dan Riau, Mgr. Vitus Bouma ss.cc, para Imam dan bruder berkebangsaan Belanda tersebut kemudian meninggal dunia di kamp tahanan di Belalau, Lubuk Linggau.

Dari 11 (sebelas) orang misionaris yang masuk tahanan hanya 3 (tiga) orang yang masih hidup waktu dibebaskan, dan dari 15 (lima belas) bruder Budi Mulia yang ditahan hanya 8 (delapan) orang yang masih bertahan hidup.

Pada awal tahun 1950 Masehi tulang belulang para misionaris yang meninggal di kamp tawanan Jepang di Belalau, Lubuk Linggau dikumpulkan dan dimakamkan lagi di kompleks bruderan Budi Mulia Pangkalpinang.

Makam-makam di kompleks bruderan Budi Mulia tersebut antara lain adalah makam Broeder Laurentius M.L.W J.Hasselbach, lahir pada tanggal 9 Juli 1898 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 22 November 1944 Masehi, Broeder Ludwinus M M. De  Vreede, lahir pada tanggal 4 Desember 1888 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 2 Desember 1944 Masehi, Broeder Hermenigild M.B.J. Jaspers, lahir pada tanggal 15 Maret 1908 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 2 Januari 1945 Masehi, Broeder Simplicianus M A. van Der Heyden, lahir pada tanggal 10 November 1915 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 26 Februari 1945 Masehi, Broeder Sabinus M.L. De Graaf, lahir pada tanggal 27 September 1908 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 24 Oktober 1944 Masehi, Broeder Jozephus M J.J.F.N Smulders, lahir pada tanggal 5 Januari 1913 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1945 Masehi, Broeder Richardus M H.G.Baars, lahir pada tanggal 18 November 1905 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 21 Juli 1944 Masehi.

Sedangkan makam pimpinan gereja Katolik dan para imam yang dimakamkan di kompleks pemakaman ini meliputi makam R.P. Arnoldus Nijssen, lahir pada tanggal 15 April 1910 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada bulan Juni 1945 Masehi, R.P. Benedictus Bakker, lahir pada tanggal 29 September 1902 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 14 Juni 1945 Masehi, R.P. Alphonsus Mars, lahir pada tanggal 15 Mei 1910 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 10 April 1944 Masehi, R.P. Thomas Mul, lahir pada tanggal 3 September 1899 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 21 April 1945 Masehi, Mgr. Vitus Bouma, lahir pada tanggal 6 Desember 1892 Masehi, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 19 April 1945 Masehi.

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Kerkhof di kompleks bruderan Budi Mulia Jalan Solihin GP dalam

Sementara itu Kerkhof atau pemakaman Belanda lainnya yang terletak di Jalan Hormen Maddati merupakan kompleks pemakaman umum karena yang dimakamkan di kuburan ini di samping orang Belanda, dimakamkan juga orang dari berbagai bangsaJalan Hormen Maddati, dulu dikenal masyarakat Bangka dengan sebutan Jalan Sekolah karena di jalan ini sekitar tahun 1950 Masehi berdiri sekolah setingkat Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) yang dikelola oleh Yayasan Setia Utama. Selanjutnya pada tahun 1962 Masehi di lokasi ini didirikan Taman Kanak-kanak yang merupakan Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) tertua di Pangkalpinang.

Jalan Sekolah kemudian diganti penamaannya menjadi Jalan Hormen Maddati berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Walikota Pangkalpinang Nomor 120 Tahun 2005, tanggal
3 Mei 2005 tentang Nama-Nama Jalan Dalam Wilayah Kota Pangkalpinang. Pergantian nama Jalan Sekolah dengan nama Hormen Maddati dilakukan untuk mengenang jasa H. Hormen Maddati sebagai pendiri dan pengurus sekolah yayasan pendidikan tersebut.

Kampung atau kawasan tempat keberadaan makam atau Kerkhof di Jalan Hormen Maddatitersebut kemudian dikenal masyarakat Pangkalpinang dan masyarakat Bangka dengan sebutan kampung Kerkhof. Letak astronomis Kerkhof berada pada 02º 0791 7111 LS dan 106º 061 47511 BT (48 M 0623206 mU-9764211 mT). 

Pada makam atau Kerkhof di Jalan Hormen Maddati terdapat sekitar 100 makam, terdiri atas makam orang Belanda, makam orang Jepang dan makam orang Indonesia. Di antara beberapa makam orang Belanda terdapat makam yang tulisannya dapat dibaca yaitu makam Irene Mathilde Ehrencron. Pada nisannya tertulis kalimat Hier rust in vrouwe Irene Mathilde Ehrencron geliefde echtgenoote van H.H.M.R Scipio Blume. Geb. 26 Januari 1883 overl. 10 Maart 1928. Terjemahannya adalah  “Disini berbaring Nyonya Irene Mathilde Ehrencron isteri    tercinta dari H.H.M.R. Scipio Blume. Lahir  28 Januari 1883, wafat 10 Maret 1928”.

Gerbang Utara, Pintu Samping Makam Belanda di Jl. Hormen Maddati

H.H.M.R. Scipio Blume adalah seorang Notaris pada masa pemerintahan Residen Fraser, JJ. (masa pemerintahan tahun 1923-1925 Masehi). Di depan notaris H.H.M.R. Scipio Blume inilah dibentuk NV. MEBY (Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Bioscopen en Ys fabrieken) dengan akte notaris No. 11 tanggal 24 Januari 1924 LN No. 44 tanggal 28 Maret 1924, dengan pesero Oen Kheng Boe (tahun 1870-1934 Masehi) dengan 20 helai saham, Oen Goan Hoei (tahun 1892-1932 Masehi) dengan 40 helai saham, Lay Djit Siong (tahun 1886-1963 Masehi) dengan 40 helai saham dan Tan Eng Siang (tahun1897-1942 Masehi) dengan 20 helai saham.

NV. MEBY ini kemudian membangun dan mengusahakan beberapa bioskop di Pangkalpinang seperti bioskop Surya (Aurora) tahun 1920 Masehi, bioskop Garuda tahun 1919 Masehi dan bioskop banteng (Hebe) tahun 1917 Masehi, pabrik es NV. MEBY di Kacang Pedang dan Restoran Kutub Utara (noordpool) yang terletak antara Bioskop Surya dengan Pasar Mambo. NV. MEBY juga mengusahakan beberapa bioskop lainnya di pulau Bangka (diantaranya di Kota Muntok, Belinyu dan Toboali).

Kuburan pada makam atau Kerkhof di Jalan Hormen Maddati sudah banyak yang dipindahkan. Di antara makam yang dipindahkan adalah makam seorang Islam masih tergolong keturunan Susuhunan ke IV Solo bernama Ahmad Muh. Heru Cokro, beliau dimakamkan di Kerkhof pada bulan Oktober 1930 Masehi dalam usia 80 tahun.

Ahmad Muh. Heru Cokro beserta keluarganya dibuang Belanda dari pulau Jawa ke kampung Katak Pangkalpinang karena aktifitasnya di Organisasi Syarikat Islam (SI) yang membahayakan pemerintah Belanda pada masa itu.

Makam Ahmad Muh. Heru Cokro digali pada hari Jum’at tanggal 13 Juni 2001 Masehi dan kemudian dikebumikan kembali di pemakaman keluarganya di Solo, Jawa Tengah.

See also  Makam Irene Mathilde Ehrencron di Kerkhof Pangkalpinang, Istri Orang Penting Di Bangka Waktu Itu.

Pemindahan makam selanjutnya dilakukan pada tanggal 28 September 2004 terhadap makam J. Pattipeilohy, lahir di Ulat, 23 Januari 1898 Masehi, wafat di Pangkalpinang, 6 Juni 1944 Masehi dan S. Salawany, lahir di Tihalale, 26 September 1915 Masehi, wafat di Pangkalpinang, 10 Juni 1945 Masehi.

Dua makam Belanda di atas digali untuk kemudian sisa-sisa kerangka jenazahnya dimakamkan kembali di makam kehormatan Belanda di Menteng Pulo Jakarta. Pemindahan
2 makam ini dilakukan atas permintaan E.van Reijsen Salawani, anak perempuan almarhum S. Salawany yang tinggal di Kota Gravenhage Belanda dan atas permintaan P.Lawerissa, cicit laki-laki perempuan almarhum J. Pattipeilohy yang tinggal di Kota  Zwolle Belanda melalui Yayasan Makam Kehormatan Belanda (Oorlogsgravenstichting).

Sisa-sisa kerangka jenazah J. Pattipeilohy dan S. Salawany dimakamkan di Makam Kehormatan Belanda (Oorlogs gravenstichting) karena merupakan pahlawan Belanda yang gugur pada masa pendudukan facisme Jepang di pulau Bangka.

Sebenarnya berdasarkan catatan yang diberikan oleh Oorlogsgravenstichting Beschermvrouwe H.M. De Koningin masih terdapat 6 tentara Belanda yang gugur di Pangkalpinang dan pulau Bangka pada masa Perang Dunia Kedua dan masa pendudukan Jepang, namun belum diketahui dimana keberadaan makamnya.

Enam tentara Belanda tersebut adalah, Crans Johan Vincenz, lahir di Ternate pada tanggal 14 April 1883 Masehi dan gugur di Pangkalpinang pada tanggal 14 April 1944 Masehi, Matulessij Martinus Margo Johan, lahir di Larat pada tanggal 19 November 1922 Masehi dan gugur di Pangkalpinang pada tanggal 3 Januari 1949 Masehi, Radio, lahir di Prembun pada tahun 1905 Masehi dan gugur di Pangkalpinang pada tanggal   16 Februari 1947 Masehi.

Selanjutnya Sentella Simon, lahir di Ambon pada tanggal   8 Januari 1917 Masehi, gugur di Pangkalpinang pada tanggal 10 Mei 1943 Masehi dan Vas Diasz/Dias, gugur di Pangkalpinang pada bulan Februari tahun 1942 Masehi serta Stoutjesdijk Huibrecht Jacobus, lahir di Dordrecht, pada tanggal 5 November 1914 Masehi dan gugur karena pesawat Fokker C-Xlw W-7 Jatuh di sekitar Belinjoe, Bangka Utara pada tanggal 26 September 1939 Masehi.

Satu hal yang sangat menarik pada makam atau Kerkhof Belandadi Jalan Hormen Maddati adalah dimakamkannya sepuluh orang Jepang. Dari sepuluh makam tersebut delapan makam masih bisa dibaca dengan jelas tulisannya, satu makam sebagian tulisan berbahasa Jepang dan sebagian tulisan berbahasa Cina sehingga belum dapat dibaca dan satu makam tidak terbaca lagi tulisannya.

Makam-makam orang Jepang tersebut adalah, makam Horie Kata, lahir di Kota Nagasaki Wilayah Uragami Kecamatan Sewaki dan meninggal dunia pada tanggal
18 November 1927 Masehi, makam Matsumoto Shikino lahir di Kabupaten Nagasaki, Kuchinotsu, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1920 Masehi dalam usia 40 tahun, selanjutnya makam Nagase Tanayo yang meninggal dunia pada tanggal 23 Maret 1914 Masehi, dan makam Miyazaki Chiku lahir di Kabupaten Nagasaki Kampung Isahaya Dusun Hayami, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1910 Masehi. Makam Miyazaki Chiku kemungkinan dibangun (dipugar) oleh seorang Jepang bernama Tetsuma pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Pangkalpinang.

Makam berikutnya adalah makam Kaminokuni Mizue berasal dari Kabupaten Wakayama, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1922 Masehi dalam usia 25 tahun, dan makam Hamazaki Hana berasal dari Kabupaten Kumamoto, meninggal dunia pada tanggal
16 April 1929 Masehi pada usia  49 tahun. Makam Hamazaki Hana kemudian dipugar oleh Hamazaki Kikue Sueko pada bulan Juli 1943 Masehi atau pada saat pendudukan Jepang di Pangkalpinang. Makam ini kemungkinan dipugar karena masih keluarga yang sama yaitu keluarga Hamazaki. Makam selanjutnya adalah makam Miyazaki Sei berasal dari Kabupaten Nagasaki, meninggal dunia pada tanggal 24 Mei 1933 Masehi pada usia 41 tahun dan satu  makam yang pada jiratnya hanya tertulis kata Y. YACURA atau Y. YAGURA tidak begitu jelas terbaca.

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Seluruh makam orang Jepang yang dimakamkan di Kerkhof Jalan Hormen Maddati menghadap ke arah Barat Daya dan Timur Laut dan mayoritas dari mereka adalah perempuan serta umumnya berasal dari daerah Selatan Jepang yang tergolong miskin.

Mengapa sampai ada orang Jepang yang dimakamkan di Kerkhof merupakan sesuatu yang menarik. Dalam catatan sejarah, banyak perempuan Jepang yang disebut Karayukisan atau pekerja seks komersial masuk ke Hindia Belanda melalui Singapura, dan menyebar ke Medan, Palembang, Batavia, Surabaya, bahkan sampai ke pulau Bangka.

Peter Post seorang peneliti kegiatan orang-orang Jepang di Hindia Belanda pada periode antara tahun 1868-1942 Masehi, menemukan fakta, bahwa pada tahun 1896 Masehi jenis pekerjaan penduduk Jepang di Hindia Belanda terdapat 48 persen sebagai Karayukisan dan sebanyak 9,1 persen adalah pemilik bordil atau sebagai germo.

Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kedatangan Karayukisan ke Hindia Belanda. Faktor pertama adalah akibat pengaruh Restorasi Meiji (tahun 1885-1890 Masehi) yaitu kolonialisasi yang dilakukan Jepang mengalami transisi dari kolonialisasi dalam negeri menjadi kolonialisasi daerah luar negeri.

Faktor kedua adalah adanya konsep daerah Nanyo sebagai daerah Selatan Jepang yang meliputi wilayah Asia Tengara yang harus diekspansi karena berpotensial memiliki kekayaan sumber daya alam sehingga memiliki harapan yang cerah untuk hidup sejahtera.

Faktor terakhir adalah akibat pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Liberalisasi Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1870 Masehi yang memungkinkan pendatang dari luar negeri mencari penghidupan yang layak di Hindia Belanda, ditambah Jepang memiliki hubungan baik dengan Belanda sejak tahun 1600 Masehi (Wibawarta, 2008:250).

Fukuzawa Fukichi, seorang cendekiawan dan tokoh terkemuka pada zaman Meiji menyebutkan peranan penting Karayukisan dalam sosio-ekonomi Jepang. Karayukisan sangat banyak mengirim uang kepada sanak saudaranya di Jepang yang secara tidak langsung mendatangkan devisa bagi negara Jepang dan mendukung perkembangan serta pembangunan negara pada masa itu.

Kehadiran pelacur impor seperti Karayukisan memang menjadi favorit para lelaki hidung belang yang dimasa itu disebut pria berhidung putih.

Di Hindia Belanda termasuk di pulau Bangka pada sekitar tahun 1898 Masehi, bangsa Jepang disetujui sama status hukumnya dengan orang kulit putih. Hal ini memberi pengaruh pada status gengsi dan mobilitas vertikal naik dari orang Jepang yang semula sebagai warga kelas dua (bersama dengan warga keturunan Arab dan Cina serta orang Timur Asing) menjadi warga kelas satu bersama warga Eropa atau bangsa asing kulit putih dan tidak mengherankan ketika mereka meninggal dunia kuburan merekapun disamakan dengan warga Eropa di Kerkhof Jalan Hormen Maddati Pangkalpinang.

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